(Estonia was absorbed into the USSR in 1940, and the second Republic was established in 1991; however, Tulvings birthplace, now known as Pechory, presently lies just across the border inside Russia.) He is currently Regents Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Cognitive Science at the University of Arizona. He is currently the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. After leaving high school early and studying for three years at the University of Chicago, he received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1954 from New York University. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at University of California, Berkeley. On the other hand, we moderns hardly believe in the soul that all those writers took for granted anymore. Benedict Carey, Expert on Mental Illness Reveals Her Own Fight (New York Times, Health section, June 23, 2011). Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. After graduating, Shepard worked for a time at Bell Labs, before accepting a teaching position at Harvard University. Arielys work draws on insights from biological and cognitive psychology, on the one hand, and economics, on the other-in a burgeoning new field that has come to be known as behavioral economics. Nadel was born in New York City in 1942. Ekman was born in Washington, DC, in 1934. Becker, and G.E. Golemans work since 1995 has focused on the cultivation of emotional intelligence as a learnable and teachable skill, with important implications for the world of education, for the business community, and for the behavioral sciences more generally. In later work, Meltzoff turned his attention to a number of other topics, such as autism, empathy, intention, the infants theory of mind (its ability to understand other peoples intentions), and the neural mechanisms underpinning gaze-following and imitation. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. All other life circumstances (education, marital status, financial status, etc.) By explaining her findings regarding the ease with which false memories can be implanted in peoples mindsand childrens most of allby authority figures, Loftus played a key role in securing justice for those wrongfully accused in such cases, and in bringing this troubling episode of mass hysteria to a close. Mischel is most closely associated with the claim, originally made in his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, that personality traits are highly context-dependent, and that the notion there is a stable personality which manifests uniformly over time and across varied social contexts, as previously believed, is a myth. These analyses have been widely influential, both within the profession and among laymen; however, Kagan stressed that such knowledge is of only limited therapeutic usefulness, given that temperament arises out of a complex interaction between genes and environment, both of which are beyond our effective control. 6. (OKeeffe went on to win the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his contribution to this research.) Phineas Gage. Paul Griffiths argues that evolutionary psychology owes theoretical debt to both sociobiology and ethology (Griffiths 2006; Griffiths 2008). Meltzoff is the author or co-author of more than 150 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and has co-authored or edited four books, including three in collaboration with Alison Gopnik (see above). Bloom was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1963. Skinner, B. F. (1947). Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a comparatively new technique usually used with human subjects in which a magnetic coil applied to the scalp causes unsystematic electrical activity in nearby cortical neurons which can be experimentally analyzed as a functional lesion. More specifically, he believes that the characteristically human way of life was made possible by our ability to direct the attention of group members jointly on a single, collective purpose. The socio-cultural psychology examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior. being equal, the people who self-report being the happiest are the ones with the strongest interpersonal ties and social support networks. This involves a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. However, the studies Ekman has carried out to back up these claims have come under sustained criticism. Working together with co-author Christopher Peterson, Seligman developed a taxonomy of character strengths and virtues that he published in 2004 in a book of that name. She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. One study for which Rutter won early acclaim was his 1972 book entitled Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, which was a careful re-evaluation of the evidence for and against psychiatrist John Bowlbys 1951 maternal deprivation theory (later expanded upon in his celebrated 1969 Attachment and Loss trilogy). He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Note: Walter Mischel passed on September 12, 2018. Gergen was born in Rochester, New York, in 1934. This idea has important clinical implications, since according to the theory an episodic memory deficit may be due to damage either to the original memory trace or to the retrieval mechanism. The slow system, on the other hand, allows us to reflect upon our experience in a more relaxed and thoughtful way. The laboratory, which since 2014 has been located at the University of Lausannes HEC, uses immersive virtual reality both to study human social interaction behavior and also for interpersonal skills training. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. The author or co-author of some 475 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, Baddeley is also the author, co-author, or editor of some half dozen books. In a nutshell, his main finding is that the objective aspect of peoples lives most strongly correlated with subjective well-being is social ties. Miller has done research in a number of different areas of psychology, above all, in evolutionary psychology, and especially in two sub-fields within that discipline: human sexual selection and the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology. In a nutshell, the all-nurture (or blank-slate) theory of human reasoning ability is now untenable in light of Gopniks findings. "Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult animals. Functional neuroanatomy is the method in which the expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. In this chapter, we extend this discussion to include the theoretical and methodological . Study Conducted in 1968 in an Iowa classroom. OKeeffe and Nadel published their ground-breaking work in 1978 in their landmark book, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. In his most recent work, Kagan has written several books for a popular audience with the aim of pushing back against the tidal wave of materialist reductionism (the idea that the mind is nothing but the brain) in psychology and the wider culture. Beginning in the 1970s, she conducted a series of experiments designed to reveal the stability of memory of recent events in the light of contradictory information given to the subject after the fact. Becks work has centered on the diagnosis and treatment of depression, anxiety, and phobia disorders. Posner is the author or co-author of more than 330 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of books. Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. A Class Divided Study Conducted By: Jane Elliott. Schrger is the author or co-author of more than 275 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and he is the author, co-author, or editor of 21 books and special editions of journals. While biological psychology is a broad field, many biological psychologists want to understand how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior ().As such, they often combine the research strategies of both psychologists and physiologists . Freud's psychoanalysis is both a theory and therapy. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1976 from McGill University, and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1979 from Harvard University, where he studied under Stephen Kosslyn. Sternberg is best known for his influential triarchic theory of intelligence, which represented a radical break with the overwhelmingly psychometric approach that had dominated the study of human intelligence up to that time, in favor of a more developmental, cognitive, and biological approach. ", Hubel, D.H. & T.N. He is currently Professor of Human Development at Cornell University. [1] Physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological psychology, with an appropriately more narrow definition. He received his bachelors degree magna cum laude from Amherst College, and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology and personality development from Harvard University. Famous Psychologists Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Theory of Planned Behaviour Theory of Reasoned Action Co-morbidities of BPD include clinical depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation. The 1900s saw many significant people dominating the developmental psychology field with their detailed theories of development: Sigmund Freud (1923, 1961), Jean Piaget (1928), Erik Erikson (1959), Lev Vygotsky (1978), John Bowlby (1958), and Albert Bandura (1977). While many on our list have a foot in more than one disciplinary camp, to be included here their main academic position had to be located within either a psychology department or a psychiatry department (within a medical school). In other words, the nervous system of the organism under study is permanently or temporarily altered, or some aspect of the nervous system is measured (usually to be related to a behavioral variable). Pinker began his career with a focus on the computational theory of mind (the idea that the brain is a computer and thinking a program), particularly in relation to language. an influential American psychologist whose most famous work occurred during the early 20th century at Johns Hopkins University (Figure 1.6). Posner was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1936. Other topics he has studied over the years include the influence of families and schools on child development, reading disorders, and the comparative importance of genetic and environmental factors on normal and pathological development. Her findings are quite general and apply to hierarchical organizations of all sorts; for example, her work has elucidated ways in which physician-patient communication may influence clinical outcomes. Spelke was born in New York City in 1949. One of the most eminent and formidable Austrian psychologists was Sigmund Freud (1856) known for his uncanny methods and observations. Spelkes work has focused on the development of the specifically human cognitive faculties, including the capacities for doing mathematics, for constructing symbolic representations such as maps, for developing taxonomic categories, and for reasoning about the emotions of other humans and the social groups they live within. Csikszentmihlyi is the author or co-author of about 250 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of some 20 books. London: Hogarth Press, 1980. These elements are radical acceptance of oneself and ones present reality, and mindfulness of each passing moment. Each of these maintained, but for different reasons, that human "intelligence" (a faculty of the mind or soul) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of, his physical body. Another elementand the source of the term dialecticalis counterbalancing distorted thoughts and harmful emotions by diametrically opposite ways of thinking and acting. In particular, Gilberts empirical studies reliably show that the acquisition of wealth beyond a certain minimum makes no additional contribution to happiness. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Freiburg. Indeed, early in his career, he was best known for his theory of learned helplessness, which is the idea that people in traumatic situations from which they cannot escape tend to carry over the sense of their own powerlessness into other situations which they could (but do not) impact positively by their behavior. He was among the pioneering cohort of psychologists who rejected the then-reigning theory of behaviorism, which programmatically ignored the mental mediation of behavior. He is known to be the premiere psychologists to have separated philosophy from psychology so as to understand human mind as an individual entity. Psychology has long placed an emphasis on the contributions of male psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson, and other thinkers. Cosmides, who throughout her career has worked closely and published jointly with her husband, anthropologist John Tooby, is one of the founders of the sub-discipline known as evolutionary psychology (see the entry for David M. Buss, above). The result was his first book, originally published in 1977, on the different types of meditative techniques that he found there. Gardner is a developmental psychologist who has primarily focused on child development and the psychology of education. He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. As a result of his decades of research on infants, Meltzoff stresses the importance of infant imitation for laying the proper foundations for the normal development of our very humanity: They have a hand, you have a hand and they recognize the similarity and thats the initial bridge between self and other that gives rise, when theyre older, to a feeling of empathy for others and caring for others.[7]. Sigmund Freud - Freud is perhaps the most well-known psychologist in history. Finally, in recent years Diener has begun to explore some of the implications of his findings for politics and public policy, notably in a widely read paper he co-wrote with Martin Seligman (see below), Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being.[3]. Gilligans early work-first published in 1982 in her landmark book, In a Different Voice-was later developed by her, and by philosophers such as Nel Noddings, Virginia Held, Sara Ruddick, and others, into an entirely new branch of moral philosophy known as the ethics of care, which many consider to be an essential complement to, if not a substitute for, the traditional, male-oriented ethics of justice. "Even a happy life cannot be without a measure of darkness, and the word happy would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness." -Carl G. Jung. He also taught social anthropology at Cambridge. He soon moved to the U.S. and earned his MA in 1951 and PhD in 1952 at the University of Iowa. She is currently Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara. After a seventh-grade course in biology, she became fascinated with genetics and what shapes a human. He is currently the James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business. Leibniz believed that mind and body are separate but that their activities directly parallel each other. In Gergens relational view of the self, for example, our sense of self is wholly dependent upon the scope for social action afforded us by our place in society. He received his bachelors degree in biology in 1963, his masters degree in psychology in 1965, and his Ph.D. in physiological psychology in 1967, all from McGill University in Montreal, Canada. But we believe the article has some value even beyond the inherent fascination of the subject of psychology itself. Psych 101 is a general psychology text adapted to an online guided format, which summarizes the major theories . Seligman, Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2004, July, 5(1): 131. The spiritualist and the associationist must both be "cerebralists," to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result. Developing new methods to improve mental health. fMRI or functional magnetic resonance imaging is a technique frequently applied to human subjects, in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an MRI apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of larger scale brain regions (on the order of hundreds of thousands of neurons). In developing her ideas, she came to characterize male morality as primarily rule-based and focused on the individual as the primary bearer of rights and duties and as the locus of judgments of moral desert; whereas women, she held, reason morally from a care perspective that is primarily concerned with empathy and compassion, and focused on needs, relationships, and group interests. Nadel has also been involved in following up on some of the implications of his early studies on the hippocampus, notably in such areas as the relationship between stress and memory and sleep and memory, as well as memory re-consolidation and the memory deficits associated with Down syndrome. The list comprises individuals in approximately equal numbers from each of the five following sub-disciplines: The overall list is in alphabetical order. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of more than a dozen books. Pargament is the author or co-author of around 175 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author or editor of five books. At Harvard, she worked closely with famed evolutionary theorist Robert L. Trivers. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. Roger Sperry 1913-1994 American psychologist who received the Nobel prize in 1981 for his pioneering research on brain specialization in split-brain patients. He obtained his masters degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1972 from Duke University and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1980 from the University of Georgia.
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