Devils Tower was a name given to the location by the white many in 1875 when Colonel Richard Irving Dodge incorrectly translated the native name to Bad Gods Tower. This eventually developed into the name Devils Tower. There are many tribal names associated with the sacred site. Located in Wyoming, Devils Tower is not like any other place on earth. The vertical striations found on the Tower today were the result of marks from the bears claws which gouged the rock as they climbed. And then theres the towers starring role in the filmClose Encounters of the Third Kind. Mark Running Eagle, Interpreter. In Turkish the Pleiades are known as lker. The Talmud (Berakhot 58b) suggests understanding as ke' me-ah (kimah), "about one hundred" stars in the Pleiades star cluster. The brave became suspicious that one of the others was courting his wife so he investigated to determine which man was missing when she left. [94][95], The Wirangu people of the west coast of South Australia have a creation story embodied in a songline of great significance based on the Pleiades. To the Lakota and Cheyenne, for example, it is Bear Lodge, while the Mandan call it Bears Hat and the Arapaho Bears Tipi. They prayed the gods, who raised the ground where they were located high into the air, to save them from the bear. Unfortunately they never made it back to collect the gold and one of the warriors told the story to his tribe while on his deathbed. As it cooled it contracted and fractured into columns. Their father, wrathful at their disobedience, banishes them to another part of the sky. According to the Seris (of northwestern Mexico), these stars are seven women who are giving birth. Immediately afraid of their brother, the seven sisters climbed a tree to get away from him. In the story, the hunter (the Orion constellation) is named Tgilby. When Black God entered the hogan of creation, the Pleiades were on his ankle; he stamped his foot and they moved to his knee, then to his ankle, then to his shoulder, and finally to his left temple. Told by I-See-Many-Camp-Fire-Places, Kiowa soldier at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1897. Another Pleiades story, attributed to the Blackfoot, names the constellation The Bunched Stars. It follows directly after the first sighting of Matariki (The Pleiades) and Puanga/Puaka (Rigel)[98] in the dawn sky, an event which marked the beginning of the New Year and was said to be when the Sun turned from his northern journey with his winter-bride Takurua (Sirius) and began his journey back to his summer-bride Hine Raumati. One of the girls prayed to the rock, "Rock take pity on us, rock save us!" Legend of Devil's Tower. They knew the location of salt deposits. They decide to transform into stars by climbing a spiderweb. [58], The Pleiades (dilh) play a major role in Navajo folklore and ritual. (Hence the mountain is now called Devils Tower). Paul Goble, a British-American author who often depicted Native American stories, tells a Blackfoot legend that he says is told by other tribes as well. So he knew that all the time he had been on top of this big rock he had been standing on a big bear's lodge. [34], In a version collected by Vuk Karadzic and published in the Archiv fr slavische Philologie with the title Die Plejaden, a pair of brothers, Dragoman and Milan, lose their sister to a dragon and try to get her back. LEW FREEDMAN Facebook It is the centerpiece of the Devils Tower National Monument, which was established in 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt. Native American Stories - Lakota Legends.The Origins of Pleades Native- Red Cloud3rd Mahpiya Luta 5th Gen- FM III 2.03K subscribers Subscribe 3K views 2 years. One day, a human hunter captures the youngest by her girdle while their sisters escape in the basket. Devil's Tower stands 867 feet in height, and reaches an impressive elevation of 5,112 feet above sea level. In a Cheyenne version of the story, the giant bear pursues the girls and kills most of them. Before the Kiowa came south they were camped on a stream in the far north where there were a great many bears, many of them. (To add insult to injury, its official name lacks an apostrophe, which grates on the nerves of my inner editor.). Its heliacal rising, which moves through the seasons over millennia (see precession) was nonetheless a date of folklore or ritual for various ancestral groups, so too its yearly heliacal setting. The Japanese call them Subaru (yes, like the car- that's where the company logo & name come from). [73] The six wives fell in love with Agni, hence the name Pleiades (star of fire). Another legend tells of seven maidens who were being pursued by a ferocious bear. That they are actually descendants and had been given a task by the Pleiadians to keep the Earth safe. There were lots of bears living around the big rock, and one big bear, seeing the girls alone, was going to eat them. Philadelphia: American Folklore Society, 1961. pp. Indian Tales of North America: an Anthology for the Adult Reader. Norris, Ray P., Norris, Barnaby R.M. by Allen, Richard Hinckley, 1838-1908, The verse quoted here is verse 3 from the aforementioned chapter. Digital Toolkit: The Story of the Seven Sisters | The Online [44][45], A Cheyenne myth "The Girl Who Married a Dog", states that the group of seven stars known as the Pleiades originated from seven puppies which a Cheyenne chief's daughter gave birth to after mysteriously being visited by a dog in human form to whom she vowed "Wherever you go, I go". In the story, the Pleiades are orphans ("Lost Boys") that were not cared for by the people, so they became stars. Kiowa legend of Devils Tower My grandmother said: "Eight children were there at play, seven sisters and their brother. The first star would be called "Broken Chest Star. Some scholars of Islam suggested that the Pleiades are the "star" mentioned in Sura An-Najm ("The Star") of the Quran. Compare tianguis).[40]. Maia is the eldest sister and stands apart, famed for her beauty . Media a division of Phoenix Group. [30] Further studies by researcher Tsimafei Avilin show the main names of the constellation in Belarusian: Sieve (Sita or, rarely, Reata, and variations) and The Hens (Kuroka and variations). One day a bear was chasing the seven sisters and he wanted to marry one of them. Reflect on how the North Star is used for navigation. Astronomy at a distance: Myths and legends of the Pleiades - Warwick Unable to choose which brother she likes best, God allows the seven to pass out in their sleep and turns them into the seven stars of the constellation.[24]. They have many stories about how the tower came to be-. In Arabic the Pleiades are known as al-Thurayya , the first main consonant becoming a morpheme into outlying linguistic zones north and east, and is mentioned in Islamic literature. The Prophet is noted to have counted twelve stars in the constellation as reported in Ibn Ishaq. [100], In Samoa, the Pleiades constellation is called Matalii or Mataalii, meaning "Eyes of the Chiefs". ", "Mathematical Ideas in Early Philippine Society: Posthumous Essay", "Prizes: Archibald Prize 2017: Tjungkara Ken", "Seven Sisters stars creation story reconnecting people to their country after clifftop massacre taboo lifted", Maori tales and legends. After some time, the boys realized that they were being followed, hunted by the ferocious and relentless Mato, an exceptionally giant bear! The bear lodge is deeply rooted in spiritual practices and is considered to be one of the most important Sacred Sites. The summit is 1,267 feet (386 m) above the Belle Fourche River.Devils Tower was the first National Monument, established on September 24, 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt. Years later, their mother gives birth to another son, named Busan. The maidens then turned into stars. There are many theories about how Devils Tower formed. During a celebration in 1932 on the Crow Agency in Montana, Max Big Man was questioned about the Tower. The columnar jointing, or cracks, in Devils Tower are caused by differential cooling of the rock; they are especially prominent near the top of the tower where cooling was slower. Lori Ericksonis one of Americas top travel writers specializing in spiritual journeys. [4], Tuareg Berbers of the northern Sahara call the Pleiades Cat ihe (pronounced: shat ihed) (or -ah). The rock rose higher and higher, the bears still jumped at the girls until they were pushed up into the sky, where they now are, seven little stars in a group (The Pleiades). Have them turn in their drawings that map the stars. WyoHistory.org welcomes the support of the following sponsors. To many other Berbers it is Tagemmunt ("the group").[5]. Soon he had been entirely transformed into. According to the legend, seven maids lived long ago. The grizzly was so huge that he could almost reach the top of the mountain. A long time ago, a group of the Cheyenne Indians visited Bears Tipi to worship the Great Spirit. After a long search one of the girls found an end bone of a bison, but on picking it up she turned into a bear and made some big scratches on her sister's back. This landmark is traditionally sacred to several Native American tribes including Lakota, Arapaho, Shoshone, Cheyenne, and Crow tribes. In Lithuanian folk songs this constellation is often personified as a benevolent brother who helps orphan girls to marry or walks soldiers along the fields. Often they werent being deliberately disrespectful, but their very presence detracted from the atmosphere of reverence. Devils Tower national monument in Wyoming via History Channel As Howe tells it, a group of young Lakota boys were out playing when they found the woman lying dead. In these stories, the man is called Nyiru[90] or Nirunja,[91] and the Seven Sisters songline known as Kungkarangkalpa. The Incredible Story of the Seven Sisters Constellation (Pleiades) What two natural phenomena are explained by the Kiowa legend - eNotes One night, their mother sent them to bed without supper and, in the next morning, without breakfast. Stechert, New York, 1899, p.21. The Mystery of the Pleiades: Where is the Seventh - Historic Mysteries x635 Meaning: When the Pleiades "fall" with the sun on the west, it still roughly (at J2000) means the hot, dry summer is coming. Today, people from all over the world come to Devils Tower to experience its power for themselves. [80], In Thailand the Pleiades are known as RTGS:Dao Luk Kai () or the "Chick Stars" (Thai: Dao 'stars', Luk Gai 'chick'),[81] from a Thai folk tale. Surf Ballroom and Buddy Holly Plane Crash Site in Iowa, Lourdes: The World's Most Famous Healing Shrine, Mexico City's Shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe, Spiritual travels are more than ordinary trips, The Surprising Spiritual Mecca of Crestone, Colorado, Thomas Merton's Mystical Vision in Louisville. [citation needed], The earliest recorded reference to the Pleiades may be in Chinese astronomical literature dating from 2357 BCE. Director Steven Spielbergset the climax of his alien-encounter movie at Devils Tower. In New Age lore, some believe that Sun and the Earth will pass through a Photon belt from the Pleiades, causing a cataclysm and/or initiating a spiritual transition (referred to variously as a "shift in consciousness," the "Great Shift," the "Shift of the Ages"). Have students discuss what they already know about these constellations. The legend of Devils Tower began long ago with the Native Americans who lived in the area. Today, the monument continues to attract over 400,000 visitors per year. Olcott, Frances Jenkins, and Milo Winter. While the number of climbers in June has dropped by about 85 percent since that voluntary policy was instituted, hard feelings remain on both sides. [78], In northern Java, its rising marks the arrival of the mangsa kapitu ("seventh season"), which marks the beginning of rice planting season. The maiden promises to become the hunter's wife, but before he must accompany her to the sky. Over millions of years, erosion of sedimentary rock exposed Devils Tower. What is the Crow Legend About Devils Tower? Dolphins Whales And Elephants are Spiritual Blessings, Butterfly Smashing on Windshield Spiritual, Butterfly Messages & Their Spiritual Meaning Wishing Moonwishing Moon, Butterfly Spiritual Meaning Native American. Close by discussing any questions students might have. (Hence the mountain is now called " Devil 's Tower"). A rock went up into the air with the boys on top, almost one thousand feet high. "The name is almost universal among Bantu tribes, from the Tana to the Great Fish River". Tgilby, after falling in love with the seven sisters, known as Yugarilya, chases them out of the sky, onto and across the earth. The dance is performed once per year, on the second day of the Javanese month of Ruwah (during May) and is performed by the nine females, relatives or wives of the Susuhunan (prince) of Surakarta before a private audience in the inner circle of the Sultanate family. Interpreted by Goes-To-Magpie. [51][52], The Kiowa of North America legend of the Seven Star Girls links the origin of the Pleiades to Devils Tower. Called Bear Lodge by Indigenous people, the legend begins with seven sisters and their brother, and ends with seven distinctive stars in the sky. From this time on his nation called this big high rock Mato Tipila and they went there often to worship. All of a sudden, the only boy in the group underwent an unusual transformation: he became a bear. In the Nez Perce version the Pleiades is also a group of sisters, however the story itself is somewhat different. 160/186of the handout on Arapaho symbols linked above. Students will learn how to use the North Star to locate a directional path.2. The floor had numerous bones. Mato, also known as Mato the Bear, was a bear that allegedly lived in the town of Green Bay, Wisconsin. Have students complete their drawings of the Big Dipper and the North Star by using some of the star symbols on Plate XXXVIIIpp. The claw marks are on the rock now. In: Mooney, James. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Many people feel that the energy at Devils Tower is healing and cleansing. So, the bear became very angry, andchased the seven sisters to the top of a mountain. Your email address will not be published. For the Native American Kiowa people, the formation of the Pleiades is closely linked to the formation of the impressive Devils Tower; rock formation in Wyoming. The boys continued to travel and walked three days to the west. Tribes from across the United States consider Devils Tower to be sacred, not just local tribes. The warrior told his wife to bring him to the bear. The constellation is known as Cmaamc, which is apparently an archaic plural of the noun cmaam "woman". The location was first made famous by the 1977 movie, Close Encounters of the Third Kind. However, for generations before, the tribal people of the area considered it to be a sacred site. The two girls are still on top of the rock. Cowell, Andrew, Alonzo Moss and William J.CHair. According to a Sioux legend, two young boys became lost trying to find their way home through the vast prairie. [63], A second tale tells the Pleiades are six brothers who rescue their sister, who becomes the seventh star of the constellation. They begged the rock to save them, and it grew higher and higher until they were pushed up into the sky. A Project of the Wyoming Historical Society. A pine tree grew over his resting place. Its disappearance in April (the 10th month) and the appearance of the star Achernar signals the beginning of the cold season. [69], To the Ban Raji people, who live semi-nomadically across western Nepal and Uttarakhand, the Pleiades are the "Seven sisters-in-law, and brother-in-law" (Hatai halyou daa Salla). It is believed to be a place where prayers and rituals are conducted and is associated with many spiritual and traditional stories. [71] For agricultural tribes in the northern hemisphere, the course of the Pleiades indicated the beginning and ending of the growing seasons. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Ep9: The Seven Sisters at Devil's Rock Royal Saskatchewan Museum Elder Hazel tells the legend behind Devil's Rock or Devil's Tower, an actual place in Wyoming. Reopens May 20, 2023. The two natural phenomena explained by the Kiowa legend about the seven sisters and their brother in The Way to Rainy Mountain are a rock formation called Devil's Tower and the star constellation . Required fields are marked *. In Chinese constellations they are mao, the Hairy Head of the white tiger of the West. During a celebration in 1932 on the Crow Agency in Montana, Max Big Man was questioned about the Tower. The bear was said to be chasing some Indians who had taken refuge on top of a nearby hill. The sister told her brothers causing the dogs to howl. These stories helped to connect people with the Tower site. Spiritual Meaning Of The Bear Lodge StandardsClickhereto see a spreadsheet aligningWyomingState Social Studies, Language Arts and Common Core Standards for this and other digital toolkits of Wyoming History. Your email address will not be published. The girls ran toward the village and the bears were just about to catch them when the girls jumped on a low rock, about three feet high. This legend told to Dick Stone by Short Bull, who lived a short distance west of Oglala, South Dakota, on July 31, 1932. [62], The Skidi Pawnee consider the Pleiades to be seven brothers. Depending on the cultural/language group, there are several stories or songlines, regarding the origins of the Pleiades among Aboriginal Australian peoples, usually referred to as the Seven Sisters. But really, I think the best way to seeDevils Toweris with neck craned at its base, watching as raptors glide the air currents around it, marveling at its massive presence looming above. [citation needed] They hold or held that when they can first make them out annually over the mountains straddling the upper Kali they feel happy to see their ancient kin. The bear-girl reached over her sister's shoulder to grab the ball, slipped and made very big scratches on the big rock and fell on her sister and broke the sister's chest. The dragon kills them. Seven Sisters Devils Tower Legend The Seven Sisters are a group of seven large rock formations in the Badlands National Park in South Dakota. [66], In a tale attributed to the Wyandot people, seven Singing Maidens, daughters of the Sun and the Moon, who live in Sky Land, descend to Earth and dance with human children. Every civilization in the northern hemisphere has had some legend or myth around the Pleiades. [57], A Nez Perce myth about this constellation mirrors the ancient Greek myths about the Lost Pleiades. Others say that it helps them to connect with their higher selves or with the spirit world. The Great Spirit gave the men courage and they shot the bear. To this day we can see the seven sisters up in the night sky which is now called the Big Dipper. The Seven Sisters now leave us with a safe guide to follow: Whenever weget lost, the seven sisters will always show us the way home. One sister falls in love with a man and, following his death, is so absorbed by her own grief that she tells her sisters about him. The Holy Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) put his hand on Salman (may Allah be pleased with him) and said. That tension is part of many holy sites, but the issues are more visible at Devils Tower than most. The seven sisters leaped into the sky and became the stars of the Big Dipper, while the tree hardened into stone, its sides still scored by the bears claws. [citation needed] According to scholarship, some of the themes in their Pleiades stories involve dancing, a punishment inflicted on the characters, or the characters escaping to the sky.[36]. It is also a place of great spiritual power and energy. This legend was told to Dick Stone by Ride-The-White-Hip-Horse. The Legend of Devil's Tower - Akt Lakota Museum & Cultural Center Long, long time ago when the Arapahos had the ability to speak to the four-legged animals, there were seven beautiful sisters who always gazed at the night skies, and stars. Teachers will want to give background information of how the Seven Sisters story originated and, if possible, bring in a Tribal Elder at a later date to share his or her knowledge about how the star systems work in Arapaho lives. High visibility of the star cluster Pleiades in the night sky and its position along the ecliptic (which approximates to the solar system's common planetary plane) has given it importance in many cultures, ancient and modern. The boys, who knew magic song, began to dance around their house and slowly make their ascent to the heavens, to become the Seven Stars, which can only be seen in winter. After this, they were swept into the night sky. The father of this lodge was a head lodge and had seven children, five boys and two girls. If faith were to go up to the Pleiades, a man from among these would surely find it. 91 Star-names and their meanings For more discussion, have students read two more stories from the pdf of the book,Arapaho Songs and Prayers: the story of the Woman and the Porcupine, pp. About 20 Indian tribes claim some kind of cultural or religious connection to the tower. [37], Dutch cartographer Claudius de Goeje reported that the Pleiades constellation among the Arawak is named wwa y-koro and marks the beginning of the year. In this tale, two sisters, the older Sianpual'etaf, ("Girl Shining In The-Light") and the younger Sianpual'ekia ("Girl Shining In The-Sunset-Glow"), escape from their cruel husbands and become constellations: the older becomes "The Little Eyes" and the younger "The Fan". It is managed as a U.S. National Park and is open to the public, but travel here for non-Indigenous tourists requires awareness and respect for these sacred grounds. After that the bear-woman made this big rock her home, so the Cheyennes call it "Bear Lodge. Interpreted by Goes-To-Magpie. However, the bears continue to hunt them by climbing the cliffs. A band of Cheyennes went on one of their visits to Na Kovehe (Bear Lodge) to worship the great spirit, as did many other tribes. How are they different from the Seven Sisters story? [64], The Shasta people tell a story of the children of raccoon killed by coyote avenging their father's death and then rising into the sky to form the Pleiades. The husband of the youngest sister, the youngest of the seven brothers, accompanies his spouse and transforms into the Taurus constellation. Those climbers are not only visible and audible from below, but they also are putting spikes and other climbing equipment into rock that is considered sacred.A climber ascends Devils Tower (Bob Sessions photo). One day, he waiting until she returned and asked why she was gone so long. Devils Toweris a tower, certainly, but evil forces have nothing to do with it. It is one of the most prominent of the nakshatra and is associated with anger and stubbornness. The "Netted Stars" known as Remmirath in The Fellowship of the Ring by J. R. R. Tolkien are likely a reference to the Pleiades, given their appearance and proximity to a red star called Borgil (identified with Aldebaran) and the constellation Menelvagor of the Shining Belt (Orion). First Stories - Devils Tower National Monument - National Park Service T. "The Origin of the Pleiades and the Pine". Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. [113], Among the Zulu people, the Pleiades are called in Zulu isi-limela or isiLimela ('the-planting-sign', in Bryant's translation; 'the digging-for (stars)', in James George Frazer's),[114] which, according to ethnologue Alfred Thomas Bryant[de], marked the beginning of the rain or planting season. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This oil painting by Herbert A. Collins has hung in the Devils Tower National Monument Visitor Center since 1937, and is the only original exhibit piece that remains on display today. [118] The story tells of the courtship of one of the Seven Sisters by the legendary Man in the Moon. There are many legends that account for the landmarks unusual appearance. To this day you can still see the claw marks the mad bear left on the mountain. In: Boutsikas, E., McCluskey, S.C., Steele, J. [8], According to Jewish folklore, when two fallen angels named Azazel and Shemhazai made it to the earth, they fell strongly in love with the women of humankind. Devils Tower National Monument Information Line, Download the official NPS app before your next visit, Devils Tower National Monument Information Line. Muhammad made mention of the Pleiades. Required fields are marked *. When the people came to look, they found the bears' claws, turned to stone, all around the base. [53][54], The Lakota Tribe of North America had a legend that linked the origin of the Pleiades to Devils Tower. Shemhazai found a maiden named Istehar who swore she would give herself to him if he told her the sacred name which granted him the power to fly to Heaven. One boy accidentally knocked over one of the rifles and it fired, hitting one of the men inside the sweat lodge and killing him instantly. The stars were seven women, pursued by a bear. He chases them as the Yugarilya chase a snake, Dyunu.[96]. Another tribe legend says that it was seven Lakota princesses who stood on a tree stump and prayed until it grew large enough to escape the bear, but it didn't stop growing and they became the Seven Sisters constellation that is directly above Devil's Tower in the summer. Contact us at editor@wyohistory.org for information on levels and types of available sponsorships. We use cookies to optimize our website and our service. When they rise from the east with the sun, the cold somewhat rainy season is coming. [50], A tale attributed to the Iroquois people tells that the Pleiades were six boys who danced atop a hill to the tune a seventh was singing. Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 04:43, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, Australian Aboriginal astronomy Pleiades, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64606-6_11, toiles et constellations chez les nomades, Edmond Bernus & Ehya ag-Sidiyene, "inios apie dangaus viesulius Grikabdio apylinkse", "Pasaulio krimo motyvai lietuvi pasakojamojoje tautosakoje", "The Pleiades in the Belarusian Tradition: Folklore Texts and Linguistic Areal Studies", Philosophy, initiation and myths of the Indians of Guiana and adjacent countries, https://archive.org/details/starnamesandthe00allegoog/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater, "Chastest Woman Arundhati in Literature! Springer, Cham. In Swahili, the cluster is called "kilimia" (from Proto-Bantu "*ki-dimida" in Bantu areas E, F, G, J, L and S), meaning 'The Ploughing Stars'. The bear jumped to the top of the mountain and dug in his claws to climb up. This remarkable natural formation, unfortunately, takes the prize for Worst-Named Holy Site. 34-35. He pulled an animal skin off her shoulder to find scratches. There are numerous legends surrounding the tower, most of which were passed down through the generations while sitting around a fire. Their year began when priests first remarked the asterism heliacal rising in the east, immediately before the sun's dawn light obliterated the view of the stars. He was very much frightened as he did not know how he would get down. The bear kept trying to jump to the top of the rock but he just scratched the rock and fell down on the ground. Between Hollywood and that misguided Army colonel, its no wonder that people get the wrong impression of this landmark. As they did so, the bear began to claw at the trunk, creating deep gashes in its sides. The girl who had told was carrying a ball in her hand which she dropped and accidentally kicked. The smallest star in the cluster is said to be coyote's youngest who aided the young raccoons. For centuries, Native Americans have considered Devils Tower to be a sacred site. These women were the first to know fire-making and each carried live coals on the end of their digging sticks. (Bukhari).[14]. Being alone helped him to strengthen his courage so that in the future he could carry out his plans. Their glowing fire sticks became the bright stars of the Pleiades cluster. Harrison, Edith Ogden, and Lucy Fitch Perkins. There is no other like it in the whole country, there are no trees on it, only grass on top. Standing at the base of Mato Tipila after he had worshipped for two days he suddenly found himself on top of this high rock. In Greek mythology, the stars of Pleiades represented the Seven Sisters. The Devils Tower Legend is an oral narrative that many Great Plains tribes pass through generations.
Wsl Prize Money Breakdown 2021,
What Element Has An Electron Configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p3 ?,
Accidents In Oregon Today,
Impact Force Of A Dropped Object Chart,
Shakespeare Quotes About Masks,
Articles S