Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). [37] The items believed to have been taken include Ikpaya (woven raffia robe), Akata (throne) and Ayang (Broom). When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. Photo by Eli Bentor. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. PDF (PDF) Lalimentazione In Ostaggio Le Mani Delle Multinazionali Su Quel I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. Ekpe Society - Odinani: The Sacred Arts & Sciences of the Igbo People The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. Efik Traditional Attires The Efik are an ethnic group - RefinedNG Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. LEFT Ezillo man drawing a grid pattern to be filled with nsibidi designs, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. The Ekpe Masquerade Secret Cult of Efik People Of Nigeria two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. ,sister Watz. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. by Web Services Editor. The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. The traditional institution of manyu division cameroon 1990 2011 an Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. Hugh, Goldie. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. EKPE = ABAKUA: The Voice of The Leopard - Chief Yagbe Awolowo Onilu Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. Finding links between Africa and the Americas The Social Significance and Implications of the Ekpe - PhilArchive Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . Niki Buroro Agbor Jerome - Field Fellowship Kokolopori Bonobo Research [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society - YouTube Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". [81] . GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. [74][75] The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. the exhibition explores the long- The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. identity. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. Cameroon: Manyu Cultural Counsellor Honoured - allAfrica.com nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. "Egbo" redirects here. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. ________. ekpe society cameroon - impactonoticia.news Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). [72] [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. The Efik Language and Its Future. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Further Perspectives on Kifwebe Masquerades - MIT Press Origin and Early History of The Ibibio People of Nigeria [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the PDF Symbolic values of clothing and textiles art in traditional and Hope Waddell, Samuel Edgerley and four others. In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. Transformation of the kp Masquerade in the African Diaspora [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. According to E.U. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. The Ekpe Society or Mgbe society as it is also fondly called is very reputable and covers a wider range of ethnic groups such as: the Efut; the Efik; the Qua-Ejegham, and the Okonko ( the Igbo-speaking areas). Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. [40] [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Walt Disney World at 50: The History of Disney's - Disney Matters [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. The Ekpe Society. cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. Essentially the leopard is a sign of royalty all over Central West Africa and the Calabar zone, and it's a symbol of their political autonomy. Hope all is well. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. There are two distinct but related societies. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. History of the Ekpe masquerade and secret society of the Efik people [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery".
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